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Researchers show that making healthy lifestyle choices related to diet, weight management, exercise, sleep and sedentary behavior, alcohol intake, and smoking status result in a longer lifespan. It is equally important to include mental health support and prevention of depression and dementia in the care of seniors. The benefits of healthy choices were also seen among older individuals and those with one or more serious chronic health conditions.
After discussing and selecting elementary information, successful practices, innovative methods and tools for better health literacy among the seniors from the partners’ analyses, the consortium started working on the main output: a methodology containing most appropriate and innovative procedures aimed at increasing health literacy, together with guidelines for the caregivers on passing the knowledge to the seniors in their organizations.
The new Canadian Food Guide recommends eating 'plenty of vegetables and fruits, whole grain foods and protein foods:
Malnutrition and dehydration are widespread, and obesity is an increasing problem in older age. In 2018, the ESPEN (European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism) guideline on clinical nutrition and hydration in geriatrics was released. It is intended to be used by all health care providers involved in geriatric care, e.g. medical doctors, nursing staff, nutrition professionals and therapists but also welfare workers and informal caregivers. The aim of clinical nurition in older person provide adequate amounts of energy, protein, micronutrients and fluid in order to meet nutritional requirements and to maintain or improve nutritions is tnal status.
The Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines (CSEP, 2021) are relevant to adults aged 65+, irrespective of gender, cultural background, or socio-economic status. Following these guidelines is associated with a lower risk of mortality, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, several cancers, anxiety, depression, dementia, weight gain, adverse blood lipid profile, falls and fall-related injuries; and improved bone health, cognition, quality of life and physical function. There are three core recommendations to keep in mind: move more, sleep well, and reduce sedentary time:
In accordance with the National Health Service guidelines (NHS UK, 2021), doing some type of physical activity every day can help to improve health and reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke in older age. However, it may not be appropriate for those adults aged 65+ who have not exercised for some time or are living with a disability or a medical condition. It is important to speak to a GP and make sure the activity and its intensity are appropriate for the individual’s state of health.
Adults aged 65+ should:
Sleep tips for seniors are linked to practising “sleep hygiene” which means to develop or improve the following good habits (Newsom, deBanto, 2022; Age UK, 2021):
Older adult smokers are more prone to worse management and outcomes of common age-related diseases such as diabetes, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and respiratory problems, and smoking also may decrease vaccine efficacy and increase the risk of infections in the older population. Quitting tobacco use can lessen the risk of cognitive decline and brain atrophy, prevent polypharmacy arising from the management of complex morbidities associated with smoking (such as cardio-metabolic, musculoskeletal, and cerebral), as well as improve health outcomes.
Smoking cessation, even in later years of life, can significantly reduce mortality and improve quality of life. Health benefits can be immediate, as early as within the first hour, and continue for days, weeks, months, and years after stopping (Nguyen & Chen, 2020-2021).
Fortunately, the evidence of proven and promising strategies for the prevention of unintentional injuries in older people is considerable.
The interventions to prevent falls in older age include, but are not limited to, the following (WHO, 2021):
Some tips on avoiding accidental poisoning include (Pathways Home Health and Hospice, 2022):
Depression is widespread in older adults living in the community and its prevalence increases with comorbidity of chronic diseases, reduced cognitive functions, and in hospitalized and/or institutionalized older adults. Depression is common in people with Alzheimer’s and related dementias. It can be an early warning sign of possible dementia, but dementia can also cause some of depressive symptoms.
Crucially, while age is the strongest known risk factor for cognitive decline, several recent studies have shown a relationship between the development of cognitive impairment and dementia with lifestyle-related risk factors, such as physical inactivity, tobacco use, unhealthy diets, and harmful use of alcohol. Certain medical conditions are associated with an increased risk of developing dementia, including hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity. Other potentially modifiable risk factors include social isolation and cognitive inactivity. The existence of potentially modifiable risk factors means that prevention of dementia is possible through a public health approach, including the implementation of key interventions that delay or slow cognitive decline or dementia (WHO, 2019; Livingston et al., 2020):